Xming
Table of contents

Name

xcalc - scientific calculator for X

Synopsis

xcalc [ -stipple ] [ -rpn ] [ -toolkitoption ... ]
xcalc -version
xcalc -help

Description

xcalc is a scientific calculator desktop accessory that can emulate a TI-30 or an HP-10C.

Options

xcalc accepts all of the standard toolkit command line options along with these additional options:

-stipple
This option indicates that the background of the calculator should be drawn using a stipple of the foreground and background colours. On monochrome displays improves the appearance.
-rpn
This option indicates that Reverse Polish Notation should be used. In this mode the calculator will look and behave like an HP-10C. Without this flag, it will emulate a TI-30.
-help
This option indicates that xcalc should print its usage message and exit.
-version
This option indicates that xcalc should print its version and exit.

Operation

Pointer Usage: Operations may be performed with pointer button 1, or in some cases, with the keyboard. Many common calculator operations have keyboard accelerators. To quit, press pointer button 3 on the AC key of the TI calculator, or the ON key of the HP calculator.

Calculator Key Usage (TI mode): The numbered keys, the +/- key, and the +, -, *, /, and = keys all do exactly what you would expect them to. It should be noted that the operators obey the standard rules of precedence. Thus, entering "3+4*5=" results in "23", not "35". The parentheses can be used to override this. For example, "(1+2+3)*(4+5+6)=" results in "6*15=90".

The entire number in the calculator display can be selected, in order to paste the result of a calculation into text.

The action procedures associated with each function are given below. These are useful if you are interested in defining a custom calculator. The action used for all digit keys is digit(n), where n is the corresponding digit, 0..9.

1/x
Replaces the number in the display with its reciprocal. The corresponding action procedure is reciprocal().
x^2
Squares the number in the display. The corresponding action procedure is square().
SQRT
Takes the square root of the number in the display. The corresponding action procedure is squareRoot().
CE/C
When pressed once, clears the number in the display without clearing the state of the machine. Allows you to re-enter a number if you make a mistake. Pressing it twice clears the state, also. The corresponding action procedure for TI mode is clear().
AC
Clears the display, the state, and the memory. Pressing it with the third pointer button turns off the calculator, in that it exits the program. The action procedure to clear the state is off(); to quit, quit().
INV
Invert function. See the individual function keys for details. The corresponding action procedure is inverse().
sin
Computes the sine of the number in the display, as interpreted by the current DRG mode (see DRG, below). If inverted, it computes the arcsine. The corresponding action procedure is sine().
cos
Computes the cosine, or arccosine when inverted. The corresponding action procedure is cosine().
tan
Computes the tangent, or arctangent when inverted. The corresponding action procedure is tangent().
DRG
Changes the DRG mode, as indicated by ’DEG’, ’RAD’, or ’GRAD’ at the bottom of the calculator ‘‘liquid crystal’’ display. When in ’DEG’ mode, numbers in the display are taken as being degrees. In ’RAD’ mode, numbers are in radians, and in ’GRAD’ mode, numbers are in grads. When inverted, the DRG key has a feature of converting degrees to radians to grads and vice-versa. Example: put the calculator into ’DEG’ mode, and enter "45 INV DRG". The display should now show something along the lines of ".785398", which is 45 degrees converted to radians. The corresponding action procedure is degree().
e
The constant ’e’. (2.7182818...). The corresponding action procedure is e().
EE
Used for entering exponential numbers. For example, to get "-2.3E-4" you’d enter "2 . 3 +/- EE 4 +/-". The corresponding action procedure is scientific().
log
Calculates the log (base 10) of the number in the display. When inverted, it raises "10.0" to the number in the display. For example, entering "3 INV log" should result in "1000". The corresponding action procedure is logarithm().
ln
Calculates the log (base e) of the number in the display. When inverted, it raises "e" to the number in the display. For example, entering "e ln" should result in "1". The corresponding action procedure is naturalLog().
y^x
Raises the number on the left to the power of the number on the right. For example "2 y^x 3 =" results in "8", which is 2^3. For a further example, "(1+2+3) y^x (1+2) =" equals "6 y^x 3" which equals "216". The corresponding action procedure is power().
not
Performs a bitwise not. The corresponding action procedure is not().
and
Performs a bitwise and. The corresponding action procedure is and().
or
Performs a bitwise or. The corresponding action procedure is or().
xor
Performs a bitwise exclusive or. The corresponding action procedure is xor().
trunc
Truncates the number in the display to an integer. The corresponding action procedure is trunc().
PI
The constant ’pi’. (3.1415927....) The corresponding action procedure is pi().
x!
Computes the factorial of the number in the display. The number in the display must be an integer in the range 0-500, though, depending on your math library, it might overflow long before that. The corresponding action procedure is factorial().
(
Left parenthesis. The corresponding action procedure for TI calculators is leftParen().
)
Right parenthesis. The corresponding action procedure for TI calculators is rightParen().
base
Changes the number base, as indicated by 'DEC', 'HEX, or 'OCT' at the bottom of the calculator display. When in 'DEC' mode, numbers in the display are taken as being decimal (base 10). In 'HEX' mode, numbers are in hexadecimal (base 16), and in 'OCT' mode, numbers are in octal (base 8). The corresponding action procedure is base().
shl
Performs an arithmetic bitwise shift left, For example, entering "1 shl 2" should result in "4". The corresponding action procedure is shl().
shr
Performs an arithmetic bitwise shift right, For example, entering "8 shr 1" should result in "4". The corresponding action procedure is shr().
mod
Performs the modulo operation, which calculates the remainder when dividing the first number by the second. For example, entering "14 mod 8" should result in "6". The corresponding action procedure is mod().
/
Division. The corresponding action procedure is divide().
*
Multiplication. The corresponding action procedure is multiply().
-
Subtraction. The corresponding action procedure is subtract().
+
Addition. The corresponding action procedure is add().
=
Perform calculation. The TI-specific action procedure is equal().
STO
Copies the number in the display to the memory location. The corresponding action procedure is store().
RCL
Copies the number from the memory location to the display. The corresponding action procedure is recall().
SUM
Adds the number in the display to the number in the memory location. The corresponding action procedure is sum().
EXC
Swaps the number in the display with the number in the memory location. The corresponding action procedure for the TI calculator is exchange().
+/-
Negate; change sign. The corresponding action procedure is negate().
.
Decimal point. The action procedure is decimal().

Calculator Key Usage (RPN mode): The number keys, CHS (change sign), +, -, *, /, and ENTR keys all do exactly what you would expect them to do. Many of the remaining keys are the same as in TI mode. The differences are detailed below. The action procedure for the ENTR key is enter().

<-
This is a backspace key that can be used if you make a mistake while entering a number. It will erase digits from the display. (See BUGS). Inverse backspace will clear the X register. The corresponding action procedure is back().
ON
Clears the display, the state, and the memory. Pressing it with the third pointer button turns off the calculator, in that it exits the program. To clear state, the action procedure is off; to quit, quit().
INV
Inverts the meaning of the function keys. This would be the f key on an HP calculator, but xcalc does not display multiple legends on each key. See the individual function keys for details.
10^x
Raises "10.0" to the number in the top of the stack. When inverted, it calculates the log (base 10) of the number in the display. The corresponding action procedure is tenpower().
e^x
Raises "e" to the number in the top of the stack. When inverted, it calculates the log (base e) of the number in the display. The action procedure is epower().
STO
Copies the number in the top of the stack to a memory location. There are 10 memory locations. The desired memory is specified by following this key with a digit key.
RCL
Pushes the number from the specified memory location onto the stack.
SUM
Adds the number on top of the stack to the number in the specified memory location.
x:y
Exchanges the numbers in the top two stack positions, the X and Y registers. The corresponding action procedure is XexchangeY().
R v
Rolls the stack downward. When inverted, it rolls the stack upward. The corresponding action procedure is roll().
blank
These keys were used for programming functions on the HP-10C. Their functionality has not been duplicated in xcalc.

Finally, there are two additional action procedures: bell(), which rings the bell; and selection(), which performs a cut on the entire number in the calculator’s ‘‘liquid crystal’’ display.

Accelerators

Accelerators are shortcuts for entering commands. xcalc provides some sample keyboard accelerators; also users can customize accelerators. The numeric keypad accelerators provided by xcalc should be intuitively correct. The accelerators defined by xcalc on the main keyboard are given below:


TI Key HP Key Keyboard Accelerator TI Function HP Function

SQRT SQRT r squareRoot( ) squareRoot( )
AC ON space clear( ) clear( )
AC <- Delete clear( ) back( )
AC <- Backspace clear( ) back( )
AC <- Control-H clear( ) back( )
AC Clear clear( )
AC ON q quit( ) quit( )
AC ON Control-C quit( ) quit( )
INV i i inverse( ) inverse( )
sin s s sine( ) sine( )
cos c c cosine( ) cosine( )
tan t t tangent( ) tangent( )
DRG DRG d degree( ) degree( )
e e e( )
ln ln l naturalLog( ) naturalLog( )
y^x y^x ^ power( ) power( )
PI PI p pi( ) pi( )
x! x! ! factorial( ) factorial( )
( ( leftParen( )
) ) rightParen( )
/ / / divide( ) divide( )
* * * multiply( ) multiply( )
- - - subtract( ) subtract( )
+ + + add( ) add( )
= = equal( )
0..9 0..9 0..9 digit( ) digit( )
. . . decimal( ) decimal( )
+ /- CHS n negate( ) negate( )
x:y x XexchangeY( )
ENTR Return enter( )
ENTR Linefeed enter( )

Customization

The application class name is XCalc.

xcalc has an enormous application defaults file which specifies the position, label, and function of each key on the calculator. It also gives translations to serve as keyboard accelerators. Because these resources are not specified in the source code, you can create a customized calculator by writing a private application defaults file, using the Athena Command and Form widget resources to specify the size and position of buttons, the label for each button, and the function of each button.

The foreground and background colours of each calculator key can be individually specified. For the TI calculator, a classical colour resource specification might be:

       XCalc.ti.Command.background:  gray50
       XCalc.ti.Command.foreground:  white

       For each of buttons 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40, specify:
       XCalc.ti.button20.background: black
       XCalc.ti.button20.foreground: white

       For each of buttons 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 29, 32, 33, 34, 37, 38, and 39:
       XCalc.ti.button22.background: white
       XCalc.ti.button22.foreground: black

Widget hierarchy

In order to specify resources, it is useful to know the hierarchy of the widgets which compose xcalc. In the notation below, indentation indicates hierarchical structure. The widget class name is given first, followed by the widget instance name.
XCalc xcalc
    Form  ti  or  hp    (the name depends on the mode)
        Form  bevel
            Form  screen
                Label  M
                Toggle  LCD
                Label  INV
                Label  DEG
                Label  RAD
                Label  GRAD
                Label  P
        Command  button1
        Command  button2
        Command  button3
and so on, ...
        Command  button38
        Command  button39
        Command  button40

Application resources

rpn (Class Rpn)
Specifies that the rpn mode should be used. The default is TI mode.
stipple (Class Stipple)
Indicates that the background should be stippled. The default is ‘‘on’’ for monochrome displays, and ‘‘off’’ for colour displays.
cursor (Class Cursor)
The name of the symbol used to represent the pointer. The default is ‘‘hand2’’.

Colours

If you would like xcalc to use its TI colours, include the following in the #ifdef COLOR section of the file you read with xrdb:

*customization: -color

This will cause xcalc to pick up the colours in the app-defaults colour customization file: app-defaults/XCalc-color.

See also

xrdb, the Athena Widget Set

Bugs

HP mode is not completely debugged. In particular, the stack is not handled properly after errors.

Authors

John Bradley, University of Pennsylvania
Mark Rosenstein, MIT Project Athena
Donna Converse, MIT X Consortium


Table of contents

Creative Commons License
The [WWW]Xming website, documentation and images are licensed under a
[WWW]Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License.
Copyright © 2005-2024 Colin Harrison All Rights Reserved