Table of contents
bitmap, bmtoa, atobm - bitmap editor and converter utilities for the X Window System
bitmap [ -option ... ] [ filename ] [ basename ]
bmtoa [ -chars ... ] [ filename ]
atobm [ -chars cc ] [ -name
variable ] [ -xhot number ] [ -yhot number ] [ filename ]
The bitmap program is a rudimentary tool for creating or editing rectangular
images made up of 1’s and 0’s. Bitmaps are used in X for defining clipping
regions, cursor shapes, icon shapes, and tile and stipple patterns.
The bmtoa and atobm filters convert bitmap files (FILE FORMAT) to and from
ASCII strings. They are most commonly used to quickly print out bitmaps
and to generate versions for including in text.
Bitmap supports the standard X Toolkit command line arguments.
The following additional arguments are supported as well.
- -size WIDTHxHEIGHT
- Specifies size of the grid in squares.
- -sw dimension
- Specifies the width of squares in pixels.
- -sh dimension
- Specifies the height of squares in pixels.
- -gt dimension
- Grid tolerance. If the square dimensions fall below the specified value, grid will be automatically turned off.
- -grid, +grid
- Turns on or off the grid lines.
- -axes, +axes
- Turns on or off the major axes.
- -dashed, +dashed
- Turns on or off dashing for the frame and grid lines.
- -stippled, +stippled
- Turns on or off stippling of highlighted squares.
- -proportional, +proportional
- Turns proportional mode on or off. If proportional mode is on, square
width is equal to square height. If proportional mode is off, bitmap will
use the smaller square dimension, if they were initially different.
- -dashes filename
- Specifies the bitmap to be used as a stipple for dashing.
- -stipple filename
- Specifies the bitmap to be used as a stipple for highlighting.
- -hl colour
- Specifies the colour used for highlighting.
- -fr colour
- Specifies the colour used for the frame and grid lines.
- filename
- Specifies the bitmap to be initially loaded into the program. If the file does not exist, bitmap
will assume it is a new file.
- basename
- Specifies the basename to be used in the C code output file. If it is different than the basename in the
working file, bitmap will change it when saving the file.
Bmtoa accepts the following option:
- -chars cc
- This option specifies the pair of characters
to use in the string version of the bitmap. The first character is used
for 0 bits and the second character is used for 1 bits. The default is
to use dashes (-) for 0’s and sharp signs (#) for 1’s.
Atobm accepts the following options:
- -chars cc
- This option specifies the pair of characters to use when
converting string bitmaps into arrays of numbers. The first character represents
a 0 bit and the second character represents a 1 bit. The default is to
use dashes (-) for 0’s and sharp signs (#) for 1’s.
- -name variable
- This option specifies the variable name to be used when writing out the bitmap file.
The default is to use the basename of the filename command line argument
or leave it blank if the standard input is read.
- -xhot number
- This option specifies the X coordinate of the hotspot. Only positive values are allowed.
By default, no hotspot information is included.
- -yhot number
- This option specifies the Y coordinate of the hotspot. Only positive values are allowed.
By default, no hotspot information is included.
All three commands also accept these options:
- -help
- Prints a usage message and exits.
- -version
- Prints version info and exits.
Bitmap displays grid in which each square represents a single bit in the picture being edited.
Actual size of the bitmap image, as it would appear normally and inverted,
can be obtained by pressing Meta-I key. You are free to move the image popup
out of the way to continue editing. Pressing the left mouse button in the
popup window or Meta-I again will remove the real size bitmap image.
If the bitmap is to be used for defining a cursor, one of the squares in the images
may be designated as the hot spot. This determines where the cursor is
actually pointing. For cursors with sharp tips (such as arrows or fingers),
this is usually at the end of the tip; for symmetric cursors (such as crosses
or bullseyes), this is usually at the center.
Bitmaps are stored as small C code fragments suitable for including in applications. They provide an
array of bits as well as symbolic constants giving the width, height, and
hot spot (if specified) that may be used in creating cursors, icons, and tiles.
To edit a bitmap image simply click on one of the buttons
with drawing commands (Point, Curve, Line, Rectangle, etc.) and move the
pointer into the bitmap grid window. Press one of the buttons on your
mouse and the appropriate action will take place. You can either set, clear
or invert the grid squares. Setting a grid square corresponds to setting
a bit in the bitmap image to 1. Clearing a grid square corresponds to setting
a bit in the bitmap image to 0. Inverting a grid square corresponds to
changing a bit in the bitmap image from 0 to 1 or 1 to 0, depending what
its previous state was. The default behavior of mouse buttons is as specified below.
MouseButton1 Set
MouseButton2 Invert
MouseButton3 Clear
MouseButton4 Clear
MouseButton5 Clear
This default behavior can be changed by setting the button function resources.
An example is provided below.
bitmap*button1Function: Set
bitmap*button2Function: Clear
bitmap*button3Function: Invert
etc.
The button function applies to all drawing commands, including copying,
moving and pasting, flood filling and setting the hot spot.
Here is the list of drawing commands accessible through the buttons at the left
side of the application’s window. Some commands can be aborted by pressing
A inside the bitmap window, allowing the user to select different guiding points where applicable.
- Clear
- This command clears all bits in the bitmap
image. The grid squares will be set to the background colour. Pressing C
inside the bitmap window has the same effect.
- Set
- This command sets all bits in the bitmap image. The grid squares will be set to the foreground
colour. Pressing S inside the bitmap window has the same effect.
- Invert
- This command inverts all bits in the bitmap image. The grid squares will be
inverted appropriately. Pressing I inside the bitmap window has the same effect.
- Mark
- This command is used to mark an area of the grid by dragging
out a rectangular shape in the highlighting colour. Once the area is marked,
it can be operated on by a number of commands (see Up, Down, Left, Right,
Rotate, Flip, Cut, etc.) Only one marked area can be present at any time.
If you attempt to mark another area, the old mark will vanish. The same
effect can be achieved by pressing Shift-MouseButton1 and dragging out a
rectangle in the grid window. Pressing Shift-MouseButton2 will mark the entire grid area.
- Unmark
- This command will cause the marked area to vanish. The
same effect can be achieved by pressing Shift-MouseButton3.
- Copy
- This command is used to copy an area of the grid from one location to another. If there
is no marked grid area displayed, Copy behaves just like Mark described
above. Once there is a marked grid area displayed in the highlighting colour,
this command has two alternative behaviors. If you click a mouse button
inside the marked area, you will be able to drag the rectangle that represents
the marked area to the desired location. After you release the mouse button,
the area will be copied. If you click outside the marked area, Copy will
assume that you wish to mark a different region of the bitmap image, thus
it will behave like Mark again.
- Move
- This command is used to move an area
of the grid from one location to another. Its behavior resembles the behavior
of Copy command, except that the marked area will be moved instead of copied.
- Flip Horizontally
- This command will flip the bitmap image with respect
to the horizontal axes. If a marked area of the grid is highlighted, it
will operate only inside the marked area. Pressing H inside the bitmap window has the same effect.
- Up
- This command moves the bitmap image one pixel
up. If a marked area of the grid is highlighted, it will operate only inside
the marked area. Pressing UpArrow inside the bitmap window has the same effect.
- Flip Vertically
- This command will flip the bitmap image with respect
to the vertical axes. If a marked area of the grid is highlighted, it will
operate only inside the marked area. Pressing V inside the bitmap window has the same effect.
- Left
- This command moves the bitmap image one pixel
to the left. If a marked area of the grid is highlighted, it will operate
only inside the marked area. Pressing LeftArrow inside the bitmap window has the same effect.
- Fold
- This command will fold the bitmap image so that
the opposite corners become adjacent. This is useful when creating bitmap
images for tiling. Pressing F inside the bitmap window has the same effect.
- Right
- This command moves the bitmap image one pixel to the right. If a marked
area of the grid is highlighted, it will operate only inside the marked
area. Pressing RightArrow inside the bitmap window has the same effect.
- Rotate Left
- This command rotates the bitmap image 90 degrees to the left
(counter clockwise.) If a marked area of the grid is highlighted, it will
operate only inside the marked area. Pressing L inside the bitmap window has the same effect.
- Down
- This command moves the bitmap image one pixel
down. If a marked area of the grid is highlighted, it will operate only
inside the marked area. Pressing DownArrow inside the bitmap window has the same effect.
- Rotate Right
- This command rotates the bitmap image 90 degrees
to the right (clockwise.) If a marked area of the grid is highlighted, it
will operate only inside the marked area. Pressing R inside the bitmap window has the same effect.
- Point
- This command will change the grid squares
underneath the mouse pointer if a mouse button is being pressed down. If
you drag the mouse button continuously, the line may not be continuous,
depending on the speed of your system and frequency of mouse motion events.
- Curve
- This command will change the grid squares underneath the mouse pointer
if a mouse button is being pressed down. If you drag the mouse button
continuously, it will make sure that the line is continuous. If your system
is slow or bitmap receives very few mouse motion events, it might behave quite strangely.
- Line
- This command will change the grid squares in a line
between two squares. Once you press a mouse button in the grid window, bitmap
will highlight the line from the square where the mouse button was initially
pressed to the square where the mouse pointer is located. By releasing
the mouse button you will cause the change to take effect, and the highlighted line will disappear.
- Rectangle
- This command will change the grid squares
in a rectangle between two squares. Once you press a mouse button in the
grid window, bitmap will highlight the rectangle from the square where
the mouse button was initially pressed to the square where the mouse pointer
is located. By releasing the mouse button you will cause the change to
take effect, and the highlighted rectangle will disappear.
- Filled Rectangle
- This command is identical to Rectangle, except at the end the rectangle will be filled rather than outlined.
- Circle
- This command will change the
grid squares in a circle between two squares. Once you press a mouse button
in the grid window, bitmap will highlight the circle from the square where
the mouse button was initially pressed to the square where the mouse pointer
is located. By releasing the mouse button you will cause the change to
take effect, and the highlighted circle will disappear.
- Filled Circle
- This command is identical to Circle, except at the end the circle will be filled
rather than outlined.
- Flood Fill
- This command will flood fill the connected
area underneath the mouse pointer when you click on the desired square.
Diagonally adjacent squares are not considered to be connected.
- Set Hot Spot
- This command designates one square in the grid as the hot spot if
this bitmap image is to be used for defining a cursor. Pressing a mouse
button in the desired square will cause a diamond shape to be displayed.
- Clear Hot Spot
- This command removes any designated hot spot from the bitmap image.
- Undo
- This command will undo the last executed command. It has depth
one, that is, pressing Undo after Undo will undo itself.
The File menu commands can be accessed by pressing the File button and selecting
the appropriate menu entry, or by pressing Ctrl key with another key. These
commands deal with files and global bitmap parameters, such as size, basename,
filename etc.
- New
- This command will clear the editing area and prompt for
the name of the new file to be edited. It will not load in the new file.
- Load
- This command is used to load a new bitmap file into the bitmap editor.
If the current image has not been saved, user will be asked whether to
save or ignore the changes. The editor can edit only one file at a time.
If you need interactive editing, run a number of editors and use cut and
paste mechanism as described below.
- Insert
- This command is used to insert
a bitmap file into the image being currently edited. After being prompted
for the filename, click inside the grid window and drag the outlined rectangle
to the location where you want to insert the new file.
- Save
- This command will save the bitmap image. It will not prompt for the filename unless
it is said to be <none>. If you leave the filename undesignated or -, the
output will be piped to stdout.
- Save As
- This command will save the bitmap
image after prompting for a new filename. It should be used if you want
to change the filename.
- Resize
- This command is used to resize the editing
area to the new number of pixels. The size should be entered in the WIDTHxHEIGHT
format. The information in the image being edited will not be lost unless
the new size is smaller that the current image size. The editor was not
designed to edit huge files.
- Rescale
- This command is used to rescale the
editing area to the new width and height. The size should be entered in
the WIDTHxHEIGHT format. It will not do antialiasing and information will
be lost if you rescale to the smaller sizes. Feel free to add you own algorithms
for better rescaling.
- Filename
- This command is used to change the filename
without changing the basename nor saving the file. If you specify - for
a filename, the output will be piped to stdout.
- Basename
- This command is used to change the basename, if a different one from the specified filename
is desired.
- Quit
- This command will terminate the bitmap application. If
the file was not saved, user will be prompted and asked whether to save
the image or not. This command is preferred over killing the process.
The Edit menu commands can be accessed by pressing the Edit button
and selecting the appropriate menu entry, or by pressing Meta key with
another key. These commands deal with editing facilities such as grid,
axes, zooming, cut and paste, etc.
- Image
- This command will display the image
being edited and its inverse in its actual size in a separate window.
The window can be moved away to continue with editing. Pressing the left
mouse button in the image window will cause it to disappear from the screen.
- Grid
- This command controls the grid in the editing area. If the grid spacing
is below the value specified by gridTolerance resource (8 by default),
the grid will be automatically turned off. It can be enforced by explicitly
activating this command.
- Dashed
- This command controls the stipple for drawing
the grid lines. The stipple specified by dashes resource can be turned
on or off by activating this command.
- Axes
- This command controls the highlighting
of the main axes of the image being edited. The actual lines are not part
of the image. They are provided to aid user when constructing symmetrical
images, or whenever having the main axes highlighted helps your editing.
- Stippled
- This command controls the stippling of the highlighted areas of
the bitmap image. The stipple specified by stipple resource can be turned
on or off by activating this command.
- Proportional
- This command controls the proportional mode. If the proportional mode is on, width and height
of all image squares are forced to be equal, regardless of the proportions
of the bitmap window.
- Zoom
- This command controls the zoom mode. If there
is a marked area of the image already displayed, bitmap will automatically
zoom into it. Otherwise, user will have to highlight an area to be edited
in the zoom mode and bitmap will automatically switch into it. One can
use all the editing commands and other utilities in the zoom mode. When
you zoom out, undo command will undo the whole zoom session.
- Cut
- This commands cuts the contents of the highlighted image area into the internal cut and
paste buffer.
- Copy
- This command copies the contents of the highlighted
image area into the internal cut and paste buffer.
- Paste
- This command will check if there are any other bitmap applications with a highlighted image
area, or if there is something in the internal cut and paste buffer and
copy it to the image. To place the copied image, click in the editing window
and drag the outlined image to the position where you want to place i,
and then release the button.
Bitmap supports two cut and paste
mechanisms; the internal cut and paste and the global X selection cut and
paste. The internal cut and paste is used when executing copy and move
drawing commands and also cut and copy commands from the edit menu. The
global X selection cut and paste is used whenever there is a highlighted
area of a bitmap image displayed anywhere on the screen. To copy a part
of image from another bitmap editor simply highlight the desired area by
using the Mark command or pressing the shift key and dragging the area
with the left mouse button. When the selected area becomes highlighted,
any other applications (such as xterm, etc.) that use primary selection
will discard their selection values and unhighlight the appropriate information.
Now, use the Paste command for the Edit menu or control mouse button to
copy the selected part of image into another (or the same) bitmap application.
If you attempt to do this without a visible highlighted image area, the
bitmap will fall back to the internal cut and paste buffer and paste whatever
was there stored at the moment.
Below is the widget structure of the bitmap application. Indentation indicates hierarchical structure. The
widget class name is given first, followed by the widget instance name.
All widgets except the bitmap widget are from the standard Athena widget set.
Bitmap bitmap
TransientShell image
Box box
Label normalImage
Label invertedImage
TransientShell input
Dialog dialog
Command okay
Command cancel
TransientShell error
Dialog dialog
Command abort
Command retry
TransientShell qsave
Dialog dialog
Command yes
Command no
Command cancel
Paned parent
Form formy
MenuButton fileButton
SimpleMenu fileMenu
SmeBSB new
SmeBSB load
SmeBSB insert
SmeBSB save
SmeBSB saveAs
SmeBSB resize
SmeBSB rescale
SmeBSB filename
SmeBSB basename
SmeLine line
SmeBSB quit
MenuButton editButton
SimpleMenu editMenu
SmeBSB image
SmeBSB grid
SmeBSB dashed
SmeBSB axes
SmeBSB stippled
SmeBSB proportional
SmeBSB zoom
SmeLine line
SmeBSB cut
SmeBSB copy
SmeBSB paste
Label status
Pane pane
Bitmap bitmap
Form form
Command clear
Command set
Command invert
Toggle mark
Command unmark
Toggle copy
Toggle move
Command flipHoriz
Command up
Command flipVert
Command left
Command fold
Command right
Command rotateLeft
Command down
Command rotateRight
Toggle point
Toggle curve
Toggle line
Toggle rectangle
Toggle filledRectangle
Toggle circle
Toggle filledCircle
Toggle floodFill
Toggle setHotSpot
Command clearHotSpot
Command undo
If you would like bitmap to be viewable in colour, include the following
in the #ifdef COLOR section of the file you read with xrdb:
*customization: -color
This will cause bitmap to pick up the colours in the app-defaults color customization file:
app-defaults/Bitmap-color
Bitmap widget is a stand-alone widget for editing raster images.
It is not designed to edit large images, although it may be used in that
purpose as well. It can be freely incorporated with other applications
and used as a standard editing tool. The following are the resources provided
by the bitmap widget.
Bitmap Widget
Header file Bitmap.h
Class bitmapWidgetClass
Class Name Bitmap
Superclass Bitmap
All the Simple Widget resources plus ...
Name Class Type Default Value
foreground Foreground Pixel XtDefaultForeground
highlight Highlight Pixel XtDefaultForeground
framing Framing Pixel XtDefaultForeground
gridTolerance GridTolerance Dimension 8
size Size String 32x32
dashed Dashed Boolean True
grid Grid Boolean True
stippled Stippled Boolean True
proportional Proportional Boolean True
axes Axes Boolean False
squareWidth SquareWidth Dimension 16
squareHeight SquareHeight Dimension 16
margin Margin Dimension 16
xHot XHot Position NotSet (-1)
yHot YHot Position NotSet (-1)
button1Function Button1Function DrawingFunction Set
button2Function Button2Function DrawingFunction Invert
button3Function Button3Function DrawingFunction Clear
button4Function Button4Function DrawingFunction Invert
button5Function Button5Function DrawingFunction Invert
filename Filename String None ("")
basename Basename String None ("")
Davor Matic, MIT X Consortium
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